Genetic analysis and genotype × environment (G × E) for grey leaf spot disease resistance in elite African maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) germplasm     

Julia Sibiya  Pangirayi Tongoona  John Derera  Neil van Rij 《Euphytica》2012,185(3):349-362

Maize grey leaf spot (GLS) disease remains an important foliar disease in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for more than 25% yield losses in maize. Information on inheritance of GLS resistance of germplasm adapted to African environments is required in new sources being identified. Therefore, hybrids generated from a 10 × 10 half-diallel mating of tropical advanced maize inbred lines were evaluated in six environments to determine combining ability, genotype × environment interaction (G × E) and the impact of GLS disease on grain yield. General combining ability effects were highly significant and accounted for 72 and 68% of the variation for GLS resistance and grain yield, respectively. Significant specific combining ability effects associated with reduced disease levels were observed in some hybrids when one parent was resistant, and these may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids. Regression analysis showed a 260–320 kg ha^?1 decrease in maize grain yield per each increase in GLS disease severity score, and significant associations (r = ?0.31 to ?0.60) were observed between grain yield and GLS severity scores. This showed the potential of GLS disease to reduce yield in susceptible varieties grown under favourable disease conditions, without control measures. Genotype and genotype × environment biplots and correlation analysis indicated that the significant G × E observed was not due to changes in hybrid ranking, implying absence of a significant crossover interaction. Therefore, predominance of additive gene effects imply that breeding progress for GLS disease resistance would be made through selection and this could be achieved at a few hot-spot sites, such as Baynesfield and Cedara locations in South Africa, and still deploy the resistant germplasm to other environments in which they are adapted.  相似文献   

Mineral bioavailability in grains of Pakistani bread wheat declines from old to current cultivars     

Shahid Hussain  Muhammad Aamer Maqsood  Zed Rengel  Muhammad Khawar Khan 《Euphytica》2012,186(1):153-163

Estimating variation in grain mineral concentration and bioavailability in relation to grain yield and the year of cultivar release is important for breeding wheat with increased content of bioavailable minerals. The grain yield and yield components, grain phytate concentration, and concentration and bioavailability of minerals (zinc Zn, iron Fe and calcium Ca) in wheat grains were estimated in 40 wheat cultivars released in Punjab (Pakistan) during the last five decades. Mean grain Zn and Ca concentrations in current-cultivars were significantly lower (≥14%) than in obsolete cultivars released during the Green Revolution (1965–1976). Much of this variation was related to increased grain weight in current-cultivars. There was a positive correlation among minerals (r = 0.39 or higher, n = 40) and minerals with phytate in wheat grains (r = 0.38 or higher, n = 40). The tested cultivars varied widely in grain yield and grain phytate-to-mineral molar ratios (phytate:mineral). Compared to obsolete cultivars, the current-cultivars had a higher phytate:mineral ratio in grains, indicating poor bioavailability of minerals to humans. The study revealed a non-significant relationship between grain yield and phytate:mineral ratios in grains. Therefore, breeding for lower phytate:mineral ratios in wheat grains can ensure increased mineral bioavailability without significant reduction in the yield potential. Future breeding should be focused on developing new genotypes suitable for mineral biofortification and with increased mineral bioavailability in grains.  相似文献   

Detecting epistatic effects associated with cotton traits by a modified MDR approach     

Jixiang Wu  Johnie N. Jenkins  Jack C. McCarty  Karl Glover 《Euphytica》2012,187(2):289-301

Genetic expression of a trait is complicated and it is usually associated with many genes including their interactions (epistasis) and genotype-by-environment interactions. Genetic mapping currently focuses primarily on additive models or marginal genetic effects due to the complexity of epistatic effects. Thus, there exists a need to appropriately identify favorable epistatic effects for important biological traits. Several multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) based methods are important resources to identify high-order gene–gene interactions. These methods are mainly focused on human genetic studies. Many traits in plant systems are not only quantitatively inherited but also are often measured in repeated field plots under multiple environments. In this study, we proposed a mixed model based MDR approach, which is suitable for inclusion of various fixed and random effects. This approach was used to analyze a cotton data set that included eight agronomic and fiber traits and 20 DNA markers. The results revealed high order epistatic effects were detected for most of these traits using this modified MDR approach.  相似文献   

Mapping and marker-assisted breeding of a gene allelic to the major Asian rice gall midge resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gm8</Emphasis>     

V. S. A. K. Sama  K. Himabindu  S. Bhaskar Naik  R. M. Sundaram  B. C. Viraktamath  J. S. Bentur 《Euphytica》2012,187(3):393-400

Host plant resistance is the preferred management strategy for Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae), a serious pest in many rice-growing countries. Identification of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are tightly linked to pest resistance genes can accelerate development of gene pyramids for durable/multiple resistance. Based on conventional and molecular allelism tests, we report herein that rice genotype Aganni possesses Gm8 gene, conferring hypersensitive independent (HR– type) resistance to gall midge biotypes GMB1, GMB2, GMB3, GMB4, and GMB4M. The gene Gm8 was mapped to chromosome 8 within a 400-kbp region, and the SSR markers RM22685 and RM22709 flank the gene closely. Using these closely linked flanking markers, nine other gall midge-resistant genotypes were identified as carrying the same gene Gm8. Through marker-assisted selection, Gm8 has been introgressed into an elite bacterial blight-resistant cultivar, Improved Samba-Mahsuri (IS).  相似文献   

Analysis of rice blast resistance gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pi</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">z</Emphasis> in rice germplasm using pathogenicity assays and DNA markers     

Moytri RoyChowdhury  Yulin Jia  Aaron Jackson  Melissa H. Jia  Robert Fjellstrom  Richard D. Cartwright 《Euphytica》2012,184(1):35-46

The Pi-z gene in rice confers resistance to a wide range of races of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. The objective of this study was to characterize Pi-z in 111 rice germplasm accessions using DNA markers and pathogenicity assays. The existence of Pi-z in rice germplasm was detected by using four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (RM527, AP4791, AP5659-1, AP5659-5) closely linked to Pi-z, and was verified using pathogenicity assays with an avirulent strain (IE1k) and two virulent races (IB33 and IB49). Among 111 germplasm accessions evaluated, 73 were found to contain the Pi-z gene using both SSR markers and pathogenicity assays. The remaining 38 germplasm accessions were found to be inconsistent in their responses to the blast races IB33, IEIk and IB49 with expected SSR marker alleles, suggesting the presence of unexpected SSR alleles and additional R gene(s). These characterized germplasm can be used for genetic studies and marker-assisted breeding for improving blast resistance in rice.  相似文献   

Comparing apparent electrical conductivity measurements on a paddy field under flooded and drained conditions     

Mohammad Monirul Islam  Eef Meerschman  Timothy Saey  Philippe De Smedt  Ellen Van De Vijver  Marc Van Meirvenne 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(3):384-392

Every growing season, paddy fields are kept both flooded and drained for a significant period of time. As a consequence, these soils develop distinct physico-chemical characteristics. For practical reasons, these soils are mostly sampled under dry conditions, but the question arises how representative the results are for the wet growing conditions. Therefore, the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) of a 1.4 ha alluvial paddy field located in the Brahmaputra floodplain of Bangladesh was measured in both dry and wet conditions by a sensing system using the electromagnetic induction sensor EM38, which does not require physical contact with the soil, and compared both surveys. Due to the smooth water surface under wet conditions which ensured increased stability of the sensing platform, the results of the survey showed considerably reduced micro-scale variability of EC_a. Furthermore, the wet survey results more reliably furnished soil-related information mainly due to the absence of soil moisture dynamics. The differences between EC_a under wet and dry conditions were attributed to differences in soil texture, mainly the sand content variation having considerable effect on soil moisture differences when flooded following drainage. Accordingly, the largest differences between EC_a under wet and dry conditions were found in those parts of the field with a large sand content. Hence, the conclusion was that an EC_a survey on flooded fields has an added value to precision soil management.  相似文献   

A plant based sensing method for nutrition stress monitoring   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dariusz Tomkiewicz  Tomasz Piskier 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(3):370-383

Due to economical and ecological reasons it is important to provide the necessary flexibility in fertilizer management to respond to differences in plant nutrients requirements. Plant-based sensors have potential to provide more accurate and on-line information regarding crop bio-responses to environmental stress and could overcome limitations of traditional methods which focus only on monitoring parameters of soil. Current research regarding on-line plant stress sensing techniques concentrates on spectroscopic and image processing methods. These techniques have many limitations connected with their sensitivity to environmental interferences. In recent years, impedance spectroscopy has become a well-known non-invasive tool for describing the electrical properties of many systems. The research hypothesis tested was that information provided by Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy is correlated with tomato plant stress caused by lack of mineral nutrients in the growth medium. The experiment was conducted with two sets of hydroponically-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. ‘Maliniak’). During the experiment the tomato plants were fed alternately with flow of necessary nutrients and with distilled water. The impedance spectra were measured by scanning frequencies from 100 Hz to 50 kHz to determine the most sensitive frequency. A Nutrition Index was proposed for indicating variability of mineral nutrition within plants, and its correlation with experimental plant data was tested. Data showed that the relation between the Nutrition Index and the stress caused by lack of mineral nutrients in the growing medium was a monotonic function in the case of study. The results presented in the paper support the concept that the electrical impedance spectroscopy is a non-destructive, economical and reliable measurement method, which can be utilised for plant nutrition stress monitoring.  相似文献   

Application of day and night digital photographs for estimating maize biophysical characteristics     

Toshihiro Sakamoto  Anatoly A. Gitelson  Brian D. Wardlow  Timothy J. Arkebauer  Shashi B. Verma  Andrew E. Suyker  Michio Shibayama 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(3):285-301

In this study, an inexpensive camera-observation system called the Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS), which consists of a standard digital color camera (RGB cam) and a modified near-infrared (NIR) digital camera (NIR cam), was applied to estimate green leaf area index (LAI), total LAI, green leaf biomass and total dry biomass of stalks and leaves of maize. The CPRS was installed for the 2009 growing season over a rainfed maize field at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE, USA. The vegetation indices called Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and two green–red–blue (2g–r–b) were calculated from day-time RGB images taken by the standard commercially-available camera. The other vegetation index called Night-time Relative Brightness Index in NIR (NRBI_NIR) was calculated from night-time flash NIR images taken by the modified digital camera on which a NIR band-pass filter was attached. Sampling inspections were conducted to measure bio-physical parameters of maize in the same experimental field. The vegetation indices were compared with the biophysical parameters for a whole growing season. The VARI was found to accurately estimate green LAI (R² = 0.99) and green leaf biomass (R² = 0.98), as well as track seasonal changes in maize green vegetation fraction. The 2g–r–b was able to accurately estimate total LAI (R² = 0.97). The NRBI_NIR showed the highest accuracy in estimation of the total dry biomass weight of the stalks and leaves (R² = 0.99). The results show that the camera-observation system has potential for the remote assessment of maize biophysical parameters at low cost.  相似文献   

Molecular diversity of Egyptian cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L.) and its relation to varietal development     

Kamal Fouad Abdellatif  Yehia Abdallah Khidr  Yasser Mohammad El-Mansy  Mohammad Mohammad El-Lawendey  Yasser Abdelraouf Soliman 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(2):93-99

Twenty-eight Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) genotypes (varieties and hybrids) were used for analysis of genetic diversity using DNA based markers (ISSR, SSR, and EST) and to study varietal development of cotton. The ISSR markers gave the highest percentage of polymorphic bands as well as polymorphic information content compared with the other molecular markers (i.e. EST and SSR markers). Using clustering analysis, no general clustering according to the pedigree history of the genotypes was observed. Using principal coordinate analysis (PCOORDA), cotton genotypes were separated by the first three principal coordinates (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounting for 11.5, 8.6, and 7.2% of the total genetic variance, respectively. The cotton genotypes were distributed into three parts based on the first PC, each part containing a group of varieties having a common ancestor. ‘Giza 12’ variety was the common ancestor for the varieties included in the first part and ‘Ashmouni’ variety was the common ancestor for the varieties included in the second part, while both ‘Sakha 3’ and ‘Sakha 4’ varieties were common ancestors for the varieties included in the third part. The results of the PCOORDA also showed better resolution of the genetic diversity than cluster analysis especially in the illustration of the varietal development of cotton. That means that principal coordinate analysis can be strongly used either alone or in combination with cluster analysis to discuss both genetic diversity and varietal development in the cotton genotypes.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of EST-SSRs in finger millet (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eleusine coracana</Emphasis> (L.) Gaertn.)     

Bheema Lingeswara Reddy Inja Naga  Lakshmi Narasu Mangamoori  Sivaramakrishnan Subramanyam 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(1):9-16

In recent years, microsatellites have become the most used markers for studying population genetic diversity. The increased availability of the DNA sequences has given the possibility to develop EST-derived SSR markers. A total of 1,927 ESTs of Eleusine coracana available in the NCBI database were mined for SSRs. Di-nucleotides are the most occurring motifs accounting for more than 50% of the repeats, of which GA was the most abundant motif and tetra-nucleotides are the least occurring motifs. Of the 132 markers identified, 30 primer pairs based were synthesized. SSR markers were used for variety discrimination and genetic assessment in 15 finger millet accessions; 20 primers showed polymorphism and 13 primers were identified as having a PIC value above 0.5. On the basis of the distribution of these polymorphic alleles, the 15 accessions were classified into two groups. This study has demonstrated the potential of EST-derived SSR primer pairs in finger millet. These primers will serve as valuable source for further breeding programs.  相似文献